Sections 36 to 44DB of the Income-tax Act, 1961
Reference index covering business deductions and disallowances, definitions relevant to business income, actual-payment deductions, tax audit, presumptive taxation, and special computation provisions for non-residents and specified businesses.
Current legal status from 1 April 2026:
The Income-tax Act, 2025 came into force on 1 April 2026 and repealed the Income-tax Act, 1961. However, Section 536 of the 2025 Act preserves the operation of the 1961 Act for tax years beginning before 1 April 2026 and for proceedings relating to those earlier years. This page is therefore maintained as a reference to the 1961 Act and its historical section numbering.
Business Deductions and Disallowances - Sections 36 to 42
- What are Other deductions? General, What is Building, etc., partly used for business, etc., or not exclusively so used? Section 36, 37 and 38 of Income Tax Act 1961
- What are Amounts not deductible? Section 40 of Income Tax Act 1961
- What are Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances? Section 40A of Income Tax Act 1961
- What are Profits chargeable to tax? Section 41 of Income Tax Act 1961
- What are Special provision for deductions in the case of business for prospecting, etc., for mineral oil? Section 42 of Income Tax Act 1961
Definitions, Foreign Exchange and Payment-linked Deductions - Sections 43 to 43D
- What are Definitions of certain terms relevant to income from profits and gains of business or profession? Section 43 of Income Tax Act 1961
- What are Special provisions consequential to changes in rate of exchange of currency? Section 43A of Income Tax Act 1961
- Section 43AA Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation
- What is the meaning of Certain deductions to be only on actual payment? Section 43B of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computation of cost of acquisition of certain assets? Section 43C of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for full value of consideration for transfer of assets other than capital assets in certain cases? Section 43CA of Income Tax Act 1961
- Section 43CB Computation of income from construction and service contracts
- What is Special provision in case of income of public financial institutions, public companies, etc.? Section 43D of Income Tax Act 1961
Accounting, Audit and Presumptive Taxation - Sections 44 to 44AE
- What is Insurance business Special provision for deduction in the case of trade, professional or similar association? Section 44 and 44A of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Maintenance of accounts by certain persons carrying on profession or business? Section 44AA of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is the provision regarding Audit of accounts of certain persons carrying on business or profession? Section 44AB of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains of business on presumptive basis? Section 44AD of Income Tax Act 1961
- Section 44ADA Special provision for computing profits and gains of profession on presumptive basis
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains of business of plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages? Section 44AE of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provisions for computing profits and gains of retail business? Section 44AF of Income Tax Act 1961
Non-resident and Special Business Computation - Sections 44AF to 44DB
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains of shipping business in the case of non-residents? Section 44B of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration, etc., of mineral oils? Section 44BB of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains of the business of operation of aircraft in the case of non-residents? Section 44BBA of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing profits and gains of foreign companies engaged in the business of civil construction, etc., in certain turnkey power projects? Section 44BBB of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Deduction of head office expenditure in the case of non-residents? Section 44C of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provisions for computing income by way of royalties, etc., in the case of foreign companies? Section 44D of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing income by way of royalties, etc., in case of non-residents? Section 44DA of Income Tax Act 1961
- What is Special provision for computing deductions in the case of business reorganization of co-operative banks? Section 44DB of Income Tax Act 1961